The Four Political Parties Of Canada Essay Example For Students

The Four Political Parties Of Canada Essay The Four Political Parties of CanadaIn a country as vast and as culturally diverse as Canada, many differentpolitical opinions can be found stretched across the country. From the affluentneighbourhoods of West Vancouver to the small fishing towns located on the eastcoast of Newfoundland, political opinions and affiliations range from the leftwing to the right wing. To represent these varying political views, Canada hasfour official national political parties to choose from: the Liberals (who arecurrently in power), the Progressive Conservatives, the New Democrats, and theReform Party. What is particularly interesting is that none of the latter threeparties compose Her Majestys Official Opposition in the House of Commons. TheBloc Quebecois, a Quebec separatist party who only ran candidates in theprovince of Quebec in the last federal election in 1993, won 54 seats in thatprovince, and claimed the title of Her Majestys Loyal Opposition over theReform Party, who garnered only 52 seats. Because the Bloc ran candidates onlyin Quebec, it would be difficult to think of them being a national politicalparty, even though they hold a significant number of seats in the nationallegislature. This paper will examine the significant early history of Canadasfour main national political parties, and then will analyse their current state,referring to recent major political victories/disasters, and the comparison ofmajor economic policy standpoints, which will ultimately lead to a prediction ofwhich party will win the next federal election in Canada. We will write a custom essay on The Four Political Parties Of Canada specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Starting on the far left, there is the New Democratic Party of Canada. Todays modern New Democratic Party was originally called the Co-operativeCommonwealth Federation (CCF), and was founded in 1932. Originally led by a manby the name of James Shaver Woodsworth, the CCF was formed by several radicalfarming groups who found out that they had more similarities with each otherthan just their destitution. The 1920s had been a dark period for radicals andunions within Canada; poverty and significantly lower wages for workers wereprevalent, and apathy regarding these issues was rampant. When the depressionwove its destructive web across Canada in the 1930s, proponents of capitalismwere staggered, but their left-wing opponents were too busy coming to the aid ofthe victims of the depression, and could not deal with the capitalistseffectively. When the CCF was officially formed in Calgary, they adopted theprinciple policy of being a co-operative commonwealth, in which the basicprinciple regulating production, distribution and exchange will be the supplyingof hum an needs instead of the making of profits. (Morton, p.12, 1986)Meanwhile, in Eastern Canada, a group of scholars formed the League for SocialReconstruction (LSR), and gave the Canadian left a version of socialism that wasrelated in some respects to the current social and economic situation in Canada. In 1933, the CCF had its first major convention in Regina, Saskatchewan, and theoriginal policy platform first proposed by the CCF was replaced by a manifestoprepared by an LSR committee and originally drafted by a Toronto scholar, FrankUnderhill. The Regina Manifesto, as it is known as today, put emphasis oneconomic planning, nationalisation of financial institutions, public utilitiesand natural resources, security of tenure for farmers, a national labour code,socialised health services and greatly increased economic powers for the centralgovernment. (Morton, p.12, 1986) As a supplement to the feverish mood createdby the convention, the Regina convention concluded by saying no CCF Governmentwill rest content until it has eradicated capitalism and put into operation thefull programme of socialised planning which will lead to the establishment inCanada of the Co-operative Commonwealth. (Morton, p.12, 1986). The CCF triedto garner more popular support later down the road, and after cal ling itself theNew Party in 1960, it changed its name officially to the New Democratic Party(NDP) in 1962. Over the years, the NDP has become a large force in Canadianpolitics, becoming an alternative to the Conservatives and Liberals. (Morton,pgs.12-27, 1986)Even to the casual Canadian political observer, the NDP is generallyregarded as the party at the bottom of the political barrel at the federal level. In the last Canadian federal election in 1993 under the leadership of AudreyMcLoughlin, the NDP went from holding 43 seats in the House of Commons to only 9. McLoughlin resigned, paving the way for the election of the former leader ofthe Nova Scotia NDP to the federal post, Alexa McDonough in 1994. On theprovincial level, however, the NDP has experienced some success of late. Ontario, British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan have had (or currentlyhave) an NDP provincial mandate. (Guy, p.384, 1995)On the policy front, the NDP seem to be most concerned with a plan forfair taxes now. (fairtaxnow.html, 1997) According to the NDP, its timebanks and big corporations paid their fair share so we can better affordhealth care, education and other services for middle class and workingfamilies. (fairtaxnow.html, 1997) Some of the key points of the NDPs fairtaxes now campaign include a minimum corporate tax, a minimum wealth tax, anend to tax breaks for profitable corporations that lay people off, an end tocorporate deductions for meals and entertainment, and increased federal auditingand enforcement of existing corporate taxes, (fairtaxnow.html, 1997) to name afew. Of course, these recommendations for taxation reform reflect the typicalleft-wing, socialistic standpoints that the NDP has stood for ever since itsinception. Moving further towards the centre of the political scale, the currentfederal governing party in Canada, the Liberal Party of Canada, is found. Liberals in an independent form started to be elected to the variouslegislatures around the country in the middle of the 1800s, with a formal partybeing created in the late 1800s. The purpose of forming a formal party was aresponse to the increasing popularity of the Conservatives in Canada; therural Clear Grits of Upper Canada, the anti-clerical rouges, and the reformelement in the Maritimes came together gradually as the Liberal Party.(McMenemy, pg.10, 1976) In its early years, the Liberal Party reflected thevarious demographics of religion and geography among the voting public in Canada. With widespread support in Canadas rural areas several years afterConfederation, the Liberal Party opposed protectionism and supported commercialreciprocity with the United States. It also opposed MacDonalds program ofrailway construction. Led by Sir Wilfred Laurier, the Liberals supportedunrestricted reciprocity and suffered for it in the election of 1891.(McMenemy, pg.12, 1976) The Liberals policy on trade annoyed industrialists,who were intimidated by the prospect of unlimited trade. British Loyalistsregarded the trade reciprocity as being anti-British. In the latter part of the1890s, however, Laurier adjusted the partys policy on trade reciprocity. Inthe budget of 1897, the Liberals neatly undercut the Conservatives byintroducing the principle of a minimum and a maximum tariff. A chief result ofthis Liberal protectionism was to give British goods a preference in Canada.(McMenemy, pg.12, 1976) Another significant move made by the Liberals was in1903, when Prime Minister Laurier an nounced the construction of a secondtranscontinental railroad. Lauriers minister of railways dissented on the ideaand in turn was sacked by the Prime Minister. By the election of 1904, theLiberals had acquired MacDonalds railway and tariff policy and could thereforewear the previously Conservative mantle of party of nationaldevelopment.'(McMenemy, pg.12, 1976) The Liberal Party of Canada currently forms the federal government ofCanada. Their current leader, Jean Chretien, was elected to succeed John Turnerin 1990. Around the time Chretien was elected leader, questions within andoutside the party were raised regarding the political baggage that Chretiencarried from previous Liberal governments. Despite the controversy, Chretienwon his partys leadership quite comfortably, and returned his party toprominence once again in 1993 by forming a federal government with a largemajority in the House of Commons. Looking back, this current Liberal mandatehas weathered relatively little criticism until recently. One of Chretienscampaign promises in 1993 was to scrap the Goods and Services Tax (GST) if theLiberals were to form a government. To complement that promise by Chretien,Sheila Copps, another prominent Liberal from Hamilton, Ontario, vowed to resignif the GST was not scrapped under a Liberal mandate. Three years into theLiberal mandate, controversy began to rise over Chretiens and Copps promisesregarding the GST. Copps eventually resigned after much criticism, and won backher seat in her Hamilton riding in a by-election several weeks later. Chretienwas subjected to large amounts of public criticism, especially during one of CBCTVs electronic town hall meetings. Chretien argued the fact that theLiberals never said that they were going to scrap the GST, and that peopleshould read their policy guide, the Red Book, to find out where exactly theLiberals stood on the issue of the GST. Chretien argued during this debate thatthe Liberals wanted to replace the GST instead of scrapping it. Earlier clipstaken from the parliamentary channel and radio interviews seemed to contradicthis claim that the Liberals wanted to replace the GST. We hate it and we willkill it! (the GST) were the exact words that came out of Jean Chretiens mouthduring a debate in the House of Commons over the GST, before the Liberals tookpower in 1993. Since the federal election has not been called yet, it has yetto be seen whether or not the Canadian public has lost any faith in the currentPrime Minister. .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 , .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .postImageUrl , .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 , .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:hover , .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:visited , .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:active { border:0!important; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:active , .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6 .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua8448be0522ce9b01d8bd0b7d39e24b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Renaissance and its Humanistic Principles EssayThe Liberals have made the economic revival of Canada one of their toppolicy platforms, so much so that in the online edition of the Red Book,economic policy is chapter one. The Liberals explain their approach toeconomic policy by saying that they will focus on the five major problems facingthe current Canadian economy: lack of growth, high unemployment, high long-termreal interest rates, too high levels of foreign indebtedness, and excessivegovernment debt and deficits. (chapter1.html, 1997) In the online edition ofthe Red Book, the Liberals also state that the better co-ordination of federaland provincial tax and economi c policies must be achieved in the interests ofall Canadians.we will work with the provinces to redesign the current socialassistance programs, to help people on social assistance who are able to work tomove from dependence to full participation in the economic and social life ofthis country.and that Canadians are entitled to trade rules that are fairthat secure access to new markets, and that do not undermine Canadiancommitments to labour and environmental standards. (chapter1.html, 1997)There is also a brief section about the Liberals plan to create many more jobsfor Canadians, which was one of their large campaign platforms during the 1993election. (chapter1.html, 1997)Right of centre on the political scale, the Progressive ConservativeParty of Canada can be found. The Progressive Conservatives (PCs) were, intheir fledgling years, known as the Conservative Party (and before that, theLiberal-Conservatives), and was founded before the Liberal Party of Canada,making it the oldest po litical party in Canada. While it is difficult to pin-point a precise date of origin of the Conservative Party there is neverthelessgood reason for regarding 1854 as the inaugural year for the political groupwhich has continued to this day as the conservative element in Canadianpolitics. (Macquarrie, pg.3, 1965) In 1854, John A. MacDonald, who was tobecome Canadas first Prime Minister ever, led the Conservative Party to officeand began the process which established a nation in the northern part of thiscontinent and set the pattern for that nations political institutions.(Macquarrie, pg.4, 1965) Since Confederation, many events in Canadian politicshave held vast significance in Canadas history. For example: Confederation(1867), Hudson Bay territories joining the dominion (1870), Arctic Islands addedto the dominion (1880), the defeat of reciprocity (1911), the enfranchisement ofwomen (1918), the providing of universal suffrage under the Dominion ElectionsAct (1920), the Statute of Wes tminster (1931), and finally, the addition ofNewfoundland to the Dominion (1949). It is interesting to note that all ofthese significant political occurrences were made under Conservative Partymandates. (Macquarrie, pg.2, 1965) It has been said that if Canada had anIndependence Day it would be December 11, 1931, the date of the proclamation ofthe Statute of Westminster under the regime of Prime Minister R.B. Bennett.(Macquarrie, pg.3, 1965) The Statute of Westminster repealed the Colonial LawsValidity Act and gave Canada absolute legislative autonomy except as requestedby Canada in the case of amendments to the British North America Act.(Macquarrie, pg.107, 1965) This was a recognition of an establishment which waslong overdue. Before the Statute of Westminster was implemented in 1931, it wasunder the rule of another conservative Prime Minister, Sir Robert Borden, inwhich Canada took its largest steps towards having full independence andcomplete national sovereignty. Vigorously and successfully he (Borden) assertedthe equality of nations comprising the Commonwealth. (Macquarrie, pg.3, 1965)In December of 1942, the Conservative Party met at a leadership convention inWinnipeg, and after some prodding by one of the candidates, John Bracken, thename of the Conservative Party was changed to that of the ProgressiveConservatives, in order to reflect the partys progressive goals and intentions. (Macquarrie, pg.122, 1965) Under the name of Progressive Conservative party,John Diefenbaker led the party to the largest landslide victory in the historyof Canadian politics in 1958, just one year after the Diefenbaker government hadwon a minority government. (Guy, pg.393, 1995)In recent years, the Progressive Conservatives have been dealt severeblows at the polls. In 1993, the Progressive Conservatives went from having themajority government in the House of Commons to a mere two seats: current PCleader Jean Charest in Sherbrooke, and Elsie Wayne in Saint John. The PCs canattach their massive defeat in the 1993 election to nine years of rule by BrianMulroney. Mulroney won two large majority governments in 1984 and 1988, but inthe 1988 term, his fortunes turned south. His government was responsible forthe implementation of the hated Goods and Services tax, the Free Trade Agreementwith the United States, and the Meech Lake Accord. Several months before the1993 federal election was cal led, Mulroney stepped down as party leader, whichpaved the way for the election of Kim Campbell, then Justice Minister, to thepost of Prime Minister. Campbell was the first female Prime Minister of Canada,even though she was not elected by the general voting public. Her early days ofcampaigning were regarded as successful for herself and the party, but in thelatter part of the election campaign, debates over whether or not Campbell was acompetent leader were raised. Her trip-up in the late stages of the electioncampaign set the stage for the Custer-like wiping out of her party; she was evensoundly defeated in her own riding of Vancouver Central. Even though thefederal party was decimated, provincial PC parties seemed to hold their ownduring the federal dark times. Currently, there are Progressive Conservativeprovincial governments in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario and Prince Edward Island. PEI Conservatives won the most recent election, going from only one seat in thePEI legislature to a majority. The Conservatives in Ontario were also recentwinners. Under the leadership of Mike Harris, the Ontario Conservatives oustedthe Ontario NDP in the 1994 provincial election in a landslide victory, perhapsbringing on a second wave of the Big Blue Machine in years to come. Eventhough the Conservatives were given a serious setback in the 1993 federalelection, their commitment to policy-making has not been affected. They havedrafted a Tory Top Ten list of policies that they will campaign with during thenext federal election. Their number one policy standpoint on the Top Ten is taxcuts for jobs: Canadians today are overtaxed. The high tax burden is killingjobs and reducing Canadas competitiveness. We need to create lasting jobs andrekindle the entrepreneurial spirit. Tax cuts will inject life back into theCanadian economy by promoting investment, consumer consumption and jobcreation . (library4.html, 1997) On the income tax front, the PCs are alsocommitted to giving Canadians a 10-20 per cent personal income tax cut, whichwould be phased in over their first term in office. They have also given thesituation regarding the federal debt and deficit a fair amount of thought. Theyintend to balance the federal budget within their first mandate in office, andthat by the time the deficit is eliminated through spending cuts, specifictargets for reduction of the federal debt must be set with measurablemilestones. (Designing a Blueprint for Canadians, pp.6-7, 1996) Finally,their overall economic policy states that Canada should constitute an economicunion within which goods, services, persons and capital may move freely. Anymeasures which unduly discriminate between individuals, goods, services andcapital on the basis of their origin or their destination should beunconstitutional. The strengthening of the Canadian economic union is crucial tofostering economic growth, the flourishing of a common citizenhood, and helpingCanadians reach their full potential. (Designing a Blueprint for Canadians,pgs.40-41, 1996) On the whole, it would appear to the unbiased reader that theProgressive Conservative Party of Canada knows exactly what it stands for. .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d , .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .postImageUrl , .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d , .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:hover , .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:visited , .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:active { border:0!important; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:active , .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2186c93308f57542e69bb033c16b585d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Media violence EssayEven further to the right side of the political scale, the relativelynew Reform Party of Canada can be found. On the last weekend of October in 1987,306 delegates from Western Canada converged on Alberta, in order to found theparty. These people were fed up with the traditional Liberal/Conservative rulein Ottawa, and wanted a party that could effectively represent the concerns ofWestern Canadians. (Harrison, pgs.110, 112,114, 1995) The delegates facedthree tasks as they met that weekend: to decide upon a name for the party, todevise a constitution, and to pick a leader. The delegates chose the partysname the Reform Party of Canada the first day. (Harr ison, pg.114, 1995)On the second day of the convention, the party started the process of selectinga leader. There were three potential candidates: Preston Manning (the currentleader), Ted Byfield, and Stan Roberts. Byfield was not entirely comfortablewith the idea of being the Reform Partys leader, however, and wanted tocontinue to run his own personal business. A theory that came out of theconvention was that this leadership race was a battle between Roberts oldpolitical style and money against Mannings grass-roots populism. (Harrison,pg.117, 1995) There was also some controversy over the amount of money Robertsspent on his hospitality suite at the convention, which was an estimated $25000. Manning was regarded as being quite frugal, spending around $2000. Even thoughthe difference in the amount of money spent between the two main candidates wasrather large, Manning was regarded as being the stronger of the two candidates,having the unquestionable allegiance of many of the delegates. (Harrison,pg.117, 1995) Roberts knew of the immense support Manning had, and it wasrumoured that he was going to bring in a significant amount of instantdelegates (Harrison, pg.117, 1995) to push him over the top. The Manningcamp got word of this idea, and subsequently closed delegate registration on theFriday night of the convention (it was supposed to run until Saturday morning). This action sent a Roberts supporter by the name of Francis Winspear into a rage,severely criticising the decision to suspend registration and accusing theManning camp that some membership money had been unaccounted for. Withanimosities rising, Jo Anne Hillier called a meeting between the two sides onSaturday night to attempt to resolve the disputes. The attempt atreconciliation failed. (Harrison, pg.117, 1995) The next morning, during anemotional speech, Roberts decided to drop out of the race, all the whilequestioning whether or not the party stood true to its founding principles ofintegrity and honesty. He referred to Mannings supporters as fanaticalAlbertans and small-minded evangelical cranks. (Harrison, pg.118, 1995)This left Preston Manning as the first (and current) leader of one of Canadasnewest political parties, the Reform Party of Canada. In its short history to date, the Reform Party of Canada has had somesuccess federally, and has weathered its share of criticism. In the lastfederal election, they won a total of 52 seats, almost beating out the BlocQuebecois for the title of Her Majestys Loyal Opposition, who won 54 seats. The Reform took one seat in Ontario, one seat in Manitoba, four seats inSaskatchewan, 22 seats in Alberta, and 24 seats in British Columbia. (Guy,pg.434, 1995) There was some debate at the beginning of the Liberals mandatefrom the Reform Party whether or not a separatist party (Bloc Quebecois) shouldbe allowed to be the opposition in Parliament, but the Bloc remained as officialopposition. Lately, however, a Bloc MP resigned his seat, leaving the Bloc witha one seat lead over the Reform Party in the race for official opposition. Thenext federal election should be very interesting, as these two parties mightbattle it out for the right to be opposition again. One moniker that the ReformParty wears that could damage their hopes of ever being the opposition or thegovernment is the fact that many Canadians have the stereotype that Reform MPsand supporters are red-necked hillbillies from out west. A little while back, aReform MP by the name of Robert Wringma made comments of a racial natur e towardsblack and aboriginal people. Wringma suggested that if he were a shopkeeper,and if his patrons were offended by blacks or aboriginals working up in thefront of his shop, he would make sure that the black or aboriginal person(s)working for him would be in the back of the shop while his racist customers wereon the premises. This prompted outrage from minority groups and the generalCanadian population, and Preston Manning was eventually pressured into kickingWringma out of caucus. That particular incident summed up the Reform stereotypeof extreme right-wing views, and it should also be interesting whether or notthis subject surfaces again during the next federal election campaign. On the Reform Partys web page, the policy section is entitled a 6point plan to build a brighter future together. (summary.html, 1997) Theirnumber one priority is to create growth, opportunity, and lasting jobs throughsmaller government, an end to overspending, and lower taxes, to make governmentsmaller by eliminating waste, duplication, and red tape to save $15 billion ayear, and to balance the budget by March 31, 1999. (summary.html, 1997) TheReform Party also intends to give the public tax relief, by having lower taxesfor all Canadians: $2,000 by the year 2000 for the average family, an increasein the Basic Personal Amount and Spousal Amount, cut capital gains taxes in half,cut employers U.I. premiums by 28%, and eliminate federal surtaxes and last butnot least, flatten and simplify the income tax system. (Summary.html, 1997)Their plans for the Unemployment Insurance system are not all that extravagant,but on the home page, they are quoted as saying that they are going to: returnUn employment Insurance to its original purpose: protection against temporary jobloss. (summary.html, 1997) These economic reform policies seem to be relatedsomewhat to the Progressive Conservatives economic reform policies, but they donot go into nearly as much detail as the Conservatives do. Politics in Canada is an extremely volatile business. One day a partycan be on top of the world, and the next day they can be the scourge of theplanet. Politics in Canada has a long and interesting history, so much so thatthis paper has barely even scratched the surface. While the New Democrats andReform are gathering support in different areas of the country, it must beremembered that the only two parties to ever hold federal office in this countryhave been the Conservative and Liberal parties. From examining the variouspartys web pages, it seems that the Liberals and Conservatives have the mostdetailed policy platforms, the Reform Party is simply lacking the detail of theConservatives and Liberals, and the New Democrats have little information toresearch at all. History tends to repeat itself, especially in elections inthis country, and it would not be surprising if the Liberals won another federalmandate this year. The Conservatives look like they are making the long trekback to p rominence, but the Reform Party and New Democrats seem to be treadingwater. The real test that will determine which paths these parties will takeduring the trek into the 21st century, however, will be made in the soon-to-be-called Canadian federal election. Democracy will speak out once again. BIBLIOGRAPHY(1996) A Fresh Start for Canadians Online. Available:http://www.reform.ca/FreshStart/summary.html 1997, Feb.25. Guy, John J. People, Politics and Government. Scarborough: Prentice Hall, 1995. Harrison, Trevor. Of Passionate Intensity. Toronto: University of TorontoPress, 1995. (1996) Liberal Party of Canada Online. Available:http://www.liberal.ca/english2/policy/red_book/chapter1.html 1997, Feb.25. Macquarrie, Heath. The Conservative Party. Toronto: McClelland and StewartLimited, 1965. McMenemy, John, Winn, Conrad. Political Parties in Canada. Montreal: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1976. Morton, Desmond. The New Democrats, 1961-1986. Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman Ltd.,1986. (1996) New Democrats of Canada Online. Available:http://www.fed.ndp.ca/fndp/fairtaxnow.html 1997, Feb.25. Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. Designing a Blueprint for Canadians. Ottawa, 1997. (1996) Progressive Conservative Youth Online. Available:http://www.openface.ca/PCU/library4.html 1997, Feb.25.

Religion In Public Life Essays - Prayer, Spirituality, Free Essays

Religion In Public Life Essays - Prayer, Spirituality, Free Essays Religion In Public Life Prayer in school has been the topic of the century, Is it right to pray in school, stated a Texas teacher. The society as a whole believes it is wrong, but there is some people that thinks it would be a good addition to our school. Maybe it will lower school violence. Yeah, right, whatever! Come on people, be a little intelligent. Our country has had violence before we created prayer in school. Religion will probably make it worse. Sociologists has taken a look at this issue. They perceived it preposterous. Sociologist think if we had prayer in school, might as well force us to read a bible and say amen every time a teacher finishes a sentence. Prayer in school is ridiculous and absurd. Sociologists opposes school prayer for a number of reasons. To begin, it is unconstitutional and a clear violation of our First Amendment. Remember, that amendment contains the Establishment Clause which prohibits the government fromestablishing religion. Simply put, secular institutions like the publ ic schools should NOT be a forum for religious ritual or indoctrination. And do a majority of people support school prayer? Often, those results depend on exactly how the question happens to be asked. Surveys suggest that most people reject the notion of mandatory prayer. But even if the overwhelming majority thought that prayer was, somehow, a good idea, that does not make the practice ethically just or constitutional. Sociologists also points out, in opposing school prayer, that prayer is not efficacious. School prayer is obviously a form of religious indoctrination; it teaches children that there are invisible, supernatural entities which can be implored and appeased through mumbling prayers or reading from holy books. Many people believe that just because there is a bible, does it mean we have to take it seriously. If we wrote a book and put it in a time capsule and send it back 4000 years ago it will become a religion. What about school initiated prayer? Before getting excited about student initiated prayer, ask yourself: which students are doing the initiating? Student populations often reflect the diversity of the culture. Some students may wish to pray in class or at official school ceremonies like graduation exercises or sporting events, but are they being fair to other students who may not wish to pray? Lately, there have been court cases involving this very question. It is clear that even in areas such as Utah where a school may have a high percentage of students from the same religious background, not all students feel comfortable with this bogus student led religious ritual. If you see a huge group of people praying will you join them? The survey says 1 out of 4 students say yes. The reason is, they want to keep their friends. Sociologists believe teen peer pressure is why this is the way it is. What about a moment of silence? What for? Why do we need a moment of silence? School prayer boosters have sometimes proposed this as a way of establishing a legal precedent which, they hope, will eventually lead toward explicit and vocal school prayer. Over a decade ago, the Supreme Court struck down this type of proposal; legislation of this type often calls for the moment of silence to be used for meditation or prayer. Besides, consider the declining number of hours that students are in school each year. Every moment should be used for useful and educational instruction, not meditating! The whole idea of this is if we create some way to do this, without violating any rights, it wont effect any one. But yes it does, even a moment of silence is basically saying you must do this or else... Our government has always stood by the First Amendment, For one reason. The First Amendment creates an issue with how to stop certain things from happening. There is a lot of power in the First Amendment. But, our government exercises this right narrowly. We are always battling with the First Amendment. There is a lot of culture in this issue. One main reason we live in America is because we wanted the right to believe in a god, many gods, or no god(s)

Desert Flower by Waris Dirie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Desert Flower by Waris Dirie - Essay Example II. Plot Summary Waris Dirie was born into a nomadic tribe in Africa and deserts of Somalia were her playgrounds in childhood. Life there was a tough option but with no other alternatives she continued to live there, working and tending cows and she grew into a tough individual. She was a victim to the superstitious traditions of genital mutilation, but she had no knowledge about its true significance at that young age of 5. She was given to understand that it was an inevitable procedure to become a woman. Her mother was a party to that cruel exercise on her body and a professional killer woman knifed the outer portion of her genitals and then sewed it up. That was known as the procedure of circumcision, she survived it but some of her close ones, like sister Halemo and two other cousins had died. At the age of thirteen she ran away from the house to stall the efforts of her scheming father who wanted to give her in marriage to an aged individual. She reached Mogadishu to join her si ster Aman who had also escaped from the house. She stayed with her sister and aunt and then reached London with her uncle who was an Ambassador, as a maid to his family. She took education and soon came to realize her inner potentialities. She wanted to transcend from her status as a nomadic woman and achieve something tangible in life. She was in London for 4 years and when it was time for her uncle and family to return to Somalia, she insisted on staying back. She led a solitary life with none to support her. She got acquainted with Malcolm Fairchild, a photographer and then succeeded in getting some jobs in London. She married her friend Marylyn’s brother and got a passport. Opportunities fell to her lot to travel to different countries for modelling and soon she became a... Center of discussion in this paper is â€Å"Desert Flower†, the memoir of Waris Dirie. It is the story of how a nomadic girl from a backward country, Somalia, rises to become an internationally known super-model and then takes the top assignment as the UN Ambassador for the cause of women. She is a remarkable beauty with extraordinary courage. Her march from the village mud roads to the fashion runways of Milan, Paris and London reads like fiction. The name of the book is â€Å"Desert Flower†, but actually the author deserves that name. Cathleen Miller is the ghost writer of the book but the facts and the emotions of the content belong to Waris. The sum and substance of the book according to her own understanding is: Everything decided for her by God and she is just doing the work allotted to her by Him. Birth and death are in the hands of God and none has say on that issue. She will continue to take chances and she does the same throughout her life. During her run, she is nearly eaten by a lion, but the lion somehow spares her. About that encounter she writes, when I realized the lion was not going to kill me, I knew that God had something else planned, some reason to keep me alive. "What is it?" I asked as I struggled to my feet. "Direct me.† Some individuals are the victims of destiny; some are the creators of their destiny. Waris belongs to the latter category and with her fighting qualities, grit and determination she turned every situation to her advantage.

Written discussions and online discussions Personal Statement

Written discussions and online discussions - Personal Statement Example In the second written discussion, my involvement was in reading the comment on constructivist views of learning and weighing the contents of the post. Although I did not comment to it, my participation was intra-personal wherein I was weighing myself where I stood in the whole of things about skill and challenge and whether I was also getting bored; and if I was, how would I think in terms of rewards or promotions. I was also debating within myself about "enjoying if I reduced my skill" and when do I do that. I guess this means going down to the level of students, but not necessarily reducing my skill. The second point that came to my mind is how "the level of challenges would be increased for teachers." How is that going to happen By administration The post has greatly challenged my thinking. I have been a thinker rather than a talker in most discussions. I don't like speaking in front of many people. I learn the content I learn in class while listening to others verbalizes their ideas. Sometime, it's not clear whether I understand certain content, but after listening to others' personalized examples, it becomes clear. Explain: If there was a 4.5, my degree of enjoyment would be it. First, I cannot afford the face-to-face presence because of some concerns. Second, I don't very much like face-to-face set ups in conversing with other internationals where the language is not mine. c. the degree to which you felt the oral discussions contributed to your learning 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Contributed Contributed Contributed not at all somewhat greatly Explain: The contribution to my learning of oral discussions is only on the level of 4, considering what I had presented earlier. I don't have the luxury of time, and I am not given to mixing in set-ups with oral concerns. Section 2: For the next questions, consider the WRITTEN (bulletin board) discussions: 3. I am interested first in having you describe how you read and understand the written comments. In particular, describe what you typically do in terms of reading comments in a Blackboard discussion. With written discussions, I open to them and read all,

Zara in China Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Zara in China - Term Paper Example As the essay highlights Zara is a world renowned fashion retailer based in Spain. It was founded in 1975 and since then the company has grown substantially. The company is regarded as a great success story as it has made itself an international brand over a few decades. The unique thing about Zara is that it rejects the industry trends by investing no money in advertisements. The company focuses on low cost strategy by providing fashion garments and accessories to everyone. The target market of the company is not only the rich people. In contrast company has made fashion within the reach of everyone.This paper discusses that the company has up till now refused to follow the market trend of outsourcing its production to low cost developing countries. By doing this fashion retailers attempt to save costs but Zara believes that providing customers with latest fashion products in the fastest possible time. Zara is known for providing a new product to the customers within 2 weeks while th e industry average is about six months. This shows how efficient the supply chain of Zara is compared to other retailers in the industry. The vertical integration helps Zara control its supply chain and this makes it possible for the company to stay ahead of the trends. The company has audacious growth plans for future.  Zara entered the Chinese market in 2006 and since then the company has grown substantially in the country. Zara has 91 stores in China and the company is planning to open more stores in future.... This shows how efficient the supply chain of Zara is compared to other retailers in the industry. The vertical integration helps Zara control its supply chain and this makes it possible for the company to stay ahead of the trends. The company has audacious growth plans for future. Operations of Zara in China Zara entered the Chinese market in 2006 and since then the company has grown substantially in the country. Zara has 91 stores in China and the company is planning to open more stores in future. China is a huge market for the company given the population of the country is 1.2 billion people. But still most companies do not enter China due to strict regulations and lower standards of living. Zara on the other hand entered China and has shown tremendous success because the company was able to attract the middle class population of the country. As mentioned earlier Zara does not believe in extremely expensive garments rather it is known for its new fashion and cost effectiveness. Wit h this business model Zara was able to capture the market of China. The company aims at opening more stores in future in the country as well. The domestic consumption of the country is increasing and people are getting more and more aware daily about the new fashion trends. This is why it is expected that fashion retail giant will continue to pursue its expansion policy in China as well. Stores of Zara are mostly seen overcrowded which shows the potential of Chinese markets (Xinhua 1). The urban middle class of China is multiplying at a great pace and this means that more and more people are demanding fashion products. Zara is the right choice for them because of the cost related advantages the fashion retailer offers. Objectives of Zara in China The

Sectors Of The Hospitality Industry

Sectors Of The Hospitality Industry The hospitality industry consists of broad category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, restaurants, event planning, theme parks, transportation, a restaurant, hotel, or even an amusement park. Hospitality industry covers a wide range of organizations offering food service and accommodation. The hospitality industry is a several billion dollar industry that mostly depends on the availability of leisure time and disposable income. A hospitality unit such as consists of multiple groups such as facility maintenance, direct operations, servers, housekeepers, porters, kitchen workers, bartenders, management and marketing. The hospitality industry is divided into sectors according to the skill-sets required for the work involved. Sectors include accommodation, food and beverage, meeting and events, gaming, entertainment and recreation, tourism services, and visitor information. Premier Inn is the UKs largest hotel brand, with over 40,000 rooms and more than 590 hotels. It is one of the biggest brand in hospitality industry. Premier Inns headquarter located at Luton, England, U.K. Originally opened by Travel Inn brand name in 1987. During the hard competition with other hotels, it has been owned by Whitbread. Premier Inn business spread in United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Republic of Ireland and India. Company office website is http://www.premierinn.com Hotels are found either in city centers or on the outskirts on major A-roads. Unlike its competitor Travelodge, they are rarely found in motorway service areas, concentrating on locations where they are allowed to serve alcohol. Ownership by Whitbread, historically a brewery, but now a pub and hotel chain, ensures that all Premier Inns, with the exception of motor side locations, have a pub/restaurant on-site serving alcohol Structure of Organization As per below is an organization structure A commercial enterprise would have Line, Staff or Matrix organisations, split into departments and specialists. Departments could include Buying, Marketing, Manufacture, Quality, Accountancy, Payroll, Design, Administration, Security, Maintenance, Distribution, Computing, Call centers, Retailing, Customer Care. History The company founded in 1987 by Travel Inn, in 2004 Whitbread acquired Premier Lodge for  £505 million, and merge an additional 141 hotels to the existing Whitbread hotels, re-branded all hotels as Premier Travel Inn, which was soon shortened to Premier Inn. March 2006 Premier Inn, the UKs largest and fastest growing hotel chain announced today that their Guest Recommend customer satisfaction survey has received its one- millionth-guest response since it was launched in March 2006. Location Premier Inn started in U.K., but its expansion in U.A.E., Ireland and India. Premier Inn is the UKs largest and fastest-growing hotel brand with 578 budget hotels and more than 40,000 rooms across the UK and Ireland. Competition The branded budget hotel market in the UK continues to be dominated by just two large players, according to new research by TRI Hospitality Consulting. Figures from Budget Hotels 2010 UK show that the biggest brand, Premier Inn, had 41,511 rooms at the end of 2009 which gave it a market share of almost 38%. The nearest rival to Premier Inn is Travelodge with 27,010 at the year end, giving it a market share of just under 25%. The top two budget hotel brands in the UK thus have more than two thirds of the market. The branded budget market in the UK is concentrated in just a few companies. But competition continues to flourish in the overall hotel sector as the branded budget hotels take on mid market hotels and guesthouses, said Jonathan Langston, managing director of TRI Hospitality Consulting. Since 1993, the number of branded budget hotel rooms in the UK has grown more than tenfold, increasing from 10,555 rooms to 109,528 rooms at the end of 2009. And while Premier Inn and Travelodge dominate, there have been many new brands entering the growing market. As above table showing us Premier Inn is on number 1 Position in the market. Behind this reason is hotel chain Premier Inn is using a revenue management system to improve visibility of occupancy levels throughout the year, and steer sales and marketing activities accordingly. As per above information premier Inn take over 35% of hotel industry in U.K. Under the new system, Premier Inn expects to improve occupancy, book more guests over less popular nights and reduce marginal costs. We wanted a revenue management system that could cope with the unique requirements of our business, said Warren Mandelbaum, head of revenue management at Premier Inn parent company Whitbread Hotels Restaurants. Contemporary issue In any business, biggest and important person is customer, if customer is satisfied then business make profit. Premier Inn fully focuses to satisfy the customer, Premier Inn bedrooms feature en-suite bathroom, TV with Free view, and Wi-Fi internet access. Premier Inn offers customers a money-back Good Night Guarantee of a good quality room, comfortable surroundings and friendly service, which is unique amongst Britains leading hotel chains. Recession impact As a report of produced by HotStats and published by industry newsletter Hotel Analyst, also makes clear that while resilient, the sector has not remained unscathed by the recession. During 2009, revenue per available room fell by 9.1%, with occupancy dropping by 5.9 percentage points to 67.8% and rate holding up better with a fall of 1.1% to  £50.97. The budget hotel market has truly been the hotel industrys success story of the last decade. While trading has suffered in the recession, new hotels are continuing to open, reflecting the long term viability of the segment, said Langston. The hospitality industry is a measure of the wealth in peoples pockets then the news is very bad indeed. The industry is facing one of its worst times in memory as pubs, clubs and restaurants close at an unprecedented rate. Insolvencies in the sector have risen by 95% in 2 years as people opt to stay at home and preserve their cash rather than splurging on luxuries like nights out, meals and other entertainment. A report by consultancy PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) showed that there were 281 business failures in the third quarter of this year, up from 175 last year and well ahead of the 220 insolvencies reported in the first quarter and the 212 recorded in the second. It was almost double the number reported 144 in the final quarter of 2006. As the downturn tightens its grip, it is easy to believe what we have seen so far is just the tip of the iceberg for hotels, Stephen Broom said. The report shows the historical development of branded budget hotels in the UK, also the report so gives demand figures by geographical region, by city and by market sector Hospitality industry is closely related to tourism. By the advent of global crisis, its easy to figure out that tourism industry is down. So, relating to that, one can say hospitality industry also suffers. Moreover, those who can still afford to consider the hospitality of the industry are busy with their works too as the crisis has put extra burden in their work life. Performance report -Year 2009/2010 As per above source UK chain Hotel, Higher staff costs hit profits at provincial hotels in the UK during August, according to the latest HotStats survey from TRI Hospitality Consulting. Revenue per available room rose year-on-year for the month by 1.5% but payroll costs as a percentage of revenue crept up by 0.5 percentage points and this helped cause Gross Operating Profit Per Available Room (GOPPAR) to drop by 1.2%. As a result, UK Provincial hotel performance was left languishing some way behind 2008 levels, following the 13.4% profitability decline during the same period in 2009. Development Strategy and progress Premier Inn clear strategy underpins our aim of building the best large-scale hospitality brands in the world by becoming the most customer-focused organization there is. 2009/10 strategic priorities Action Result Outperform market Developing detailed action plans to focus on our customers needs, and particularly on establishing our value for money credentials. All our businesses have outperformed in their markets. Reduce operating costs Streamlining management, improving the efficiency of back office processes and delivering a series of procurement initiatives. On track to achieve  £25 million of annual savings, with  £20 million realised to date. Achieve cash flow neutrality Prioritising cash management and working capital together with the sale and leaseback of five properties. Positive cash flow for the year of  £109.7 million, with net debt reducing to  £513.4 million. They growth is also increases, In year 2003/04 they have 18,173 rooms comper to this in year 2009/10 they have 42,799 rooms. So growth is 136% Predictions Premier Inn increase there budget for more development. In year 2009/10 15.0% budget sector value and in year 2018/19 budget sector value increase 22.0%. so as above figures we can get example of premier inn future plan. (Annual Report 2009/10, Whitbread PLC) Operational Management factors Operational In the hotel industry where excellent, consistent service is a key factor in success, standard operating procedures, or SOPs, play an important role. Identification A hotels standard operating procedure sets out the policies and protocols of a hotel in a written format thats easily accessible to hotel employees. A typical standard operating procedure has three parts: a purpose, or the clearly stated task the SOP details and what its expected results should be; a procedure, or step-by-step guide to tackling the task; and resources, including hotel staff, other employees or management and databases or other references. Function A hotel standard operating procedures purpose is to improve guest experience. Standard operating procedures do this by educating hotel staff on the best way to deal with a given situation, from fielding guest complaints to handling fire drills. By creating a guest service structure thats consistent and clearly thought out by top management, hotels can ensure a positive guest experience. Types Hotels might use several different types of standard operating procedures. Tool procedures focus on specific tasks that hotel staffers might have to deal with. Tool procedures may cover tasks that hotel staff is likely to run into every day, such as late check-out or temperature concerns, as well as rare circumstances, such as fire alarms sounding or elevator malfunctions. Rule procedures help hotel staffers deal with potentially tricky situations. Rule procedures may cover acceptable employee conduct, such as whether an employee can accept a cash tip from a hotel guest. Rule procedures also may cover guests in sensitive areas such as signs of smoking in a non-smoking room or a declined credit card. Job procedures clearly outline an employees role and responsibilities within the hotel so that expectations are clear. Benefits Management Financial Savvy The number one success factor for anyone in the hospitality industry knows how to manage company funds. Maintaining the proper ratios of labour, food costs, beverage costs and expenses is vital in todays economy. A successful manager will be expected to maintain and keep a strict monetary budget, be computer literate, be knowledgeable of profit and loss statements and labour to sales ratios and be able to keep food and beverage costs in line. Creativity Hospitality managers must be able to be creative, to think outside the box and come up with new, trendsetting ideas. They must also have the knowledge to get those ideas out there through word of mouth and advertising. Food specials, room rate reductions, family packages and other details need to be presented to the general public in a new, fresh manner through email, web sites, regular mail, radio or television. Multi-tasking skills A manager must know the basics of accounting, the fundamentals of food and service, current market trends, what the competition is doing, licensing procedures and fees, general human resource rules and regulations and much more. Teamwork A good manager will understand that he cannot do the work single-handed and will hire the right people to carry out the vision of the company. A strong accounting office, an excellent chef, reliable restaurant managers and supervisors, a loyal core staff with low turnover and trustworthy assistants are all essential in creating a profitable business. Vision The ability to foresee trends and capitalize on them is a true gift, as is the foresight to prepare for a slow economy. These abilities come from years of experience and exposure to different hospitality environments. A truly proactive manager will choose the most promising employees of the company and train them properly to keep the vision alive and strong. Impact on Staff Hospitality industry is developed largest number of jobs in UK, lots of opportunity comes for people to get jobs. As per below table show us hows the different hospitality businesses give jobs to people Hospitality businesses The industry continues to be dominated by small establishments. The hotel sector has the highest proportion of large establishment while the restaurant sector has most very small establishments. Between 1991 and 1998 the percentage of businesses with over twenty-five employees increased from 3 per cent to 4per cent of all establishments. There is now more employment in larger workplaces with 41 per cent of employment in establishments employing twenty-five or more employees, while 59 per cent of employees. Over the decade all sectors in the hospitality industry continued to grow, with the exception of hotels. Premier inn has 34,000 people serve over 9 million customers every month. And as the frontline of our business, premier inn are 100% dependent on our people to deliver our brand promises, day in and day out. Thats why premier inn only employs the very best people in the hospitality industry. Time to time staff responsibility change and more focus on customer satisfaction. Stakeholders The stakeholders in the hospitality industry include owners, creditors, guests, employees, suppliers, vendors, industry associations, government agencies, and community members. In starting of business stakeholders view point is Maximizing Shareholder Wealth, after time to time stakeholders view point is change and its A Wider Range of Objectives. In recent years, a wider variety of goals have been suggested for a business. These include the traditional objective of profit maximization. However, they also include goals relating to earnings per share, total sales, numbers employed, measures of employee welfare, manager satisfaction, environmental protection and many others. As per above effect on staff and stakeholders role and view point Premier inn get lots of benefits. Thats the reason Premier inn best brand in hospitality industry in U.K. and one of the best brand in the world. They also try to make same value in abroad like Dubai and India. Positive implications on Premier inn hospitality. The conclusion Premier Inn has best customer/key relationship, business continuity, funding, and strategy. So thats why they are top of the table in whole hotel industry in the U.K. In 2008 Premier Inn launched in Dubai and will be opening in India later this year. On a domestic front, Premier Inn is set to be the largest provide of budget hotels in London by the 2012 Olympics.

The Case Against a Higher Minimum Wage

The Case Against a Higher Minimum Wage raising the minimum wage hurts the poor. It takes away jobs, keeps people on welfare, and encourages high-school students to drop out. Policy makers should be clear on the consequence of higher minimum wages. Jobs and the Minimum Wage Economists have studied the job-destroying features of a higher minimum wage. It is important to recognize that the jobs lost are mainly entry-level jobs. By destroying entry-level jobs, a higher minimum wage harms the lifetime earnings prospects of low-skilled workers. Side Effects of Raising the Minimum Wage It has been well documented that the minimum wage destroys jobs, particularly the jobs of low-skilled, young workers. However, there are other equally pernicious side effects of higher minimum wages. Higher minimum wages make it more difficult for people to leave welfare and induce high-school students to drop out. Dr. Peter Brandon of the Institute for Research on Poverty studied how raising the minimum wage affect the transition from welfare to work. [7] He found that raising it keeps welfare mothers on welfare longer. Mothers on welfare in states that raised their minimum wage remained on welfare 44 percent longer than mothers on welfare in states where it was not raised. [8]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason for this result is that raising the minimum wage induces some people to enter the labor market who would not apply if not for the higher level. With a larger labor market, employers choose higher-skilled applicants. Thus, raising the minimum wage hurts low-skilled workers in two ways. First, there are fewer jobs available. Second, with a larger pool of applicants, competition is stiffer. Low-skilled workers have a more difficult time getting those job skills that are crucial to economic well-being. Another side effect of raising the minimum wage is that it increases the number of high-school students who drop out. [9] Some of these students do not find employment. Another group of students are part of those applicants that compete jobs away from welfare recipients. Dropping out of school is very destructive. High school drop-outs have a very difficult time improving their well-being. The Elusive Benefits of a Higher Minimum Wage The proponents of a higher minimum wage argue that it is vitally important to raise it in order to improve the lives of poor workers. However, the raise will have only a limited impact on poor working families. [10] A single parent with two children living in California would gain only 26 cents from a 90 cent increase in the minimum wage. To put this gain in perspective, each minimum wage worker who earns $4. 25 an hour brings home $3. 92 for each hour worked once payroll taxes are deducted. The employer costs of a minimum wage worker is $4. 8 an hour when the employers share of the payroll tax is included. [11] If workers could take home the amount of money it costs the employer to hire workers, they could have 62 cents more per hour. Clearly, the California parent would be better off if the tax wedge were reduced, rather than increasing the minimum wage. Conclusion we need a system that maximizes opportunities for economic well-being of low-skilled workers. Raising the minimum wage is a wrong-headed solution that will deprive young, poor Americans of an opportunity to improve their economic situation.

Excel Hygiene

Excel Hygiene is a new start-up enterprise, specialized in the management and disposal of bio-medical waste. The company has been established by a team of biotechnologists with core technical competence in the degradation of organic material using microbes especially naturally occurring bacteria. All health care facilities and institutions need to manage their medical wastes, which include body parts, metallic and plastic disposable parts and aids, as well as waste of both organic and inorganic origins.Large hospitals have incineration and compacting facilities of their own, but clinics and small nursing homes lack economies of scale to operate their own waste management facilities. Though bio-medical waste management and disposal is the intended core of the enterprise, medical institutions expect comprehensive hygiene services comprising removal of pathogenic loads, rodent, crawler, and vector control as well. The new company will therefore have to provide these ancillary services a s well.Personnel training and efficient logistics are the keys to success in this business. Hospitals and clinics will have no hesitation in terminating contracts if waste if not removed in time, or if their infections rates soar. Waste must be compacted and incinerated only in designated areas, and must be collated at these sites before degradation is advanced. Therefore the new company has decided to limit its operations to an area of about one thousand square kilometers.The present market for hygiene services in this area has been estimated to be just about $50 million, but a three fold increase is expected in the next 5 years, as environmental consciousness spreads. Biotechnology is a relatively new field and the number of players is limited in this segment. The business offers superior growth and profit potentials for new start up companies . This kind of enterprise has high social values as well.

Write Brilliant Results for Your Project

Write Brilliant Results for Your Project How to Write an Exclusive Results Section for Your Dissertation Depending on your dissertation requirements, you will have to write a separate results section or combine it with your discussion. To avoid any confusions, it is better if you contact your supervisor and clarify what is expected from you. In most cases, the section with results precedes the section with a discussion. However, it is still possible that you will have the same section devoted both to the analysis of results and their discussion. So, begin your section with a brief introduction. In this paragraph, you will need to tell your readers how you are going to discuss your findings with them. If your study is quantitative, it is better to begin with statistics. Make sure that your statistical data are grouped around your research questions or hypotheses. You should be systematic and structured in your report. This way your readers will develop a better understanding of your topic and question. If you have too many tables or calculations, you can include them as an appendix to the body of your work. No matter whether your statistical results are positive or negative, you must include them in your paper. Your task is to be objective. Your task is to be truthful and transparent with your readers. Just imagine that you want to create the most objective picture of your study for your readers. You will have to make them realistic about your research. Therefore, do not be too positive. Just share your results the way they are. Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence. Each topic sentence must contain a new result. Thus, each paragraph of your dissertation section will be devoted to a new portion of your results. This is not the right time to discuss their significance. The results section of your dissertation is for reporting, not discussing your findings. You should give your reader enough opportunity to develop his or her own opinions about your subject. You may think that you do not have enough results to report in your dissertation. However, this is not a problem at all. You can include some additional information to make this section look more comprehensive. However, do not try to discuss your results here – it is just too early for that. This section should be well structured and systematized to help the reader follow your logic. Do not try to invent anything. Your task is to report rather than imagine. It is quite possible that this will be the easiest section of your paper. Be ready to discuss it with your supervisor if you have problems.

Ming Dynasty Emperors of China

Ming Dynasty Emperors of China The Ming Dynasty is famous world-wide for its graceful blue-and-white glazed porcelains, and for the voyages of Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet. The Ming were also the only ethnically Han Chinese family to rule the empire between 1270 and the end of the imperial system in 1911. This list includes the Ming emperors given names and their reign-names, as well as their years in power. Â   Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor, 1368-1398Zhu Yunwen, the Jianwen Emperor, 1398-1402Zhu Di, the Yongle Emperor, 1402-1424Zhu Gaochi, the Hongxi Emperor, 1424-1425Zhu Zhangji, the Xuande Emperor, 1425-1435Zhu Qizhen, the Zhengtong Emperor, 1435-1449 and 1457-1464Zhu Qiyu, the Jingtai Emperor, 1449-1457Zhu Jianshen, the Chenghua Emperor, 1464-1487Zhu Youtang, the Hongzhi Emperor, 1487-1505Zhu Houzhao, the Zhengde Emperor, 1505-1521Zhu Houcong, the Jiajing Emperor, 1521-1566Zhu Zaihou, the Longqing Emperor, 1566-1572Zhu Yijun, Wanli Emperor, 1572-1620Zhu Changluo, the Taichang Emperor, 1620Zhu Youjiao, the Tianqi Emperor, 1620-1627Zhu Youjian, the Chongzhen Emperor, 1627-1644 Â   For more information, see the List of Chinese Dynasties.

Stabilization Wedges Game Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Stabilization Wedges Game - Assignment Example The predicted impacts may also include the loss of the West Atlantic Ice expanse and the possibility of the unbounded increase in the incidence of category-five hurricanes. The effect of injecting carbon dioxide and other gases into the earth’s atmosphere – results in changes in the climate. This takes place, through the effect of sunlight passed onto the earth’s atmosphere, which results to the warming of the planet – as these gases hinder the transmission of the accumulated heat into outer space. This phenomenon is called the greenhouse effect, which results, most times, from the burning of fossil fuels – which are mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen. As a result, the consequence is the injection of more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. As the situation is, the Earth’s atmosphere contains an approximate amount of 800 billion tons of Carbon in the form of Carbon dioxide. From the burning of fossil fuels, the carbon dioxide produced inj ects an extra 7 billion tons of Carbon into the universe every year. The accumulated carbon dioxide is removed from the universe through two main ways, these including that taken up by growing forests and that which is dissolved into the surface of the ocean. Unfortunately, these two channels are only, able to remove half the Carbon emitted into the atmosphere leaving the other half accumulating at an approximated rate of 4 billion tons every year. This, typically, means that the accumulated amount of carbon in the universe is increasing year after year (Socolow, Stephen & Jeffery 10). The injection of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere started at the onset of the industrial revolution. This can be proved from the figures – indicating that before the onset of the industrial revolution, the atmosphere contained approximately, 600 billion tons of carbon, which are 200 billion tons less than the presently accumulated amount.  Ã‚  

Nursing shortages and Obamacare Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing shortages and Obamacare - Research Paper Example In addition, if the health care reform is adopted, it may enhance the number of people who need health care assistance to the number of those requiring health care services. One of the largest worries for health care directors is whether the nursing institutions in the United States can provide sufficient graduates to swap nurses who will consequently be departing from the nursing profession, and to meet the enhanced need in the imminent years. The Obama health care reform demands that all American citizens to be insured. It is presumed that there will be an enhanced need for workers in the nursing profession. There is a concern for nurses trained in American soil because it is assumed that the recruitment program proposed by the Obama health care reform will hinder their capacity to acquire positions in the nursing field after the completion of their nursing program. In the future, there will be an amplified nurse shortage. This is because the present nursing shortage will not lead to the creation of new nursing opportunities. An increase in nurses’ demand will probably amplify the ratio of nurses to patient and endanger the safety of patients. The National Healthcare Organization predicts that the whole of United States’ Health care system will collapse because nurses are perceived to be the foremost basis of all health care (Feldman, 2011). There will be not sufficient nurses to meet the large ratio of patients to nurses. Currently, the nursing profession faces a number of challenges. First, the safety of patients is compromised due to the shortage of nurses. The few nurses are forced to carryout additional duties so as to compensate for their inadequate numbers. There is a risk of errors being made by the few nurses due to extreme work load, fatigue and burn out. The dangers are enhanced when these nurses work for extra numbers of hours than they are required. When a nurse is overworked, perceptions become insufficient as the nurses’ pe rceptions start to extricate during phases of microsleep. Second, nurses experience burn out. Currently, the emergency units of different hospitals are being over crowded because of blood tests and additional processes that slow down the flow of patients. This makes the few nurses to become fatigued and experience burn out. Finally, the nursing profession is filled with aging nurses. This is because a large number of hospitals are concentrating on developing medical technology and neglecting the maintenance of sufficient nursing staff (Mitchell, 2003). Nursing problems will augment in the future. Obamacare permits every citizen to access health care (Barr, 2011). This means there will be an increase in patient number but not an increase in the number of nurses. Therefore, nurses will be compelled to work for longer hours than before. The long hours of work and the exhaustion that occurs pose a tremendous hazard to the safety of patients. This may lead to unplanned mistakes, for exam ple, taking the incorrect dose or form of medication, or identifying the improper patient. Also, nurses will experience high levels of burn out. Meeting the expectations of the enlarged number of patients will be extra demanding. The nurses will be too much stretched and may fail to realize the demands and needs of patients. Balancing long working hours and individual life will cause stress and, consequently, burn out. Moreover, there will be an increase in aging nursing staff. This is because numerous nurses have delayed retirement due to